Linux环境Nginx与Gunicorn集成部署Django应用
核心组件概述
Gunicorn是Python WSGI HTTP服务器，位于反向代理（如Nginx）和Web应用（如Django）之间。采用pre-fork worker模型，支持eventlet和greenlet。启动时生成主进程管理多个工作进程，工作进程处理实际请求。
Nginx是高性能HTTP和反向代理服务器，实现请求转发功能。用户访问A地址时，Nginx将其透明转发至实际服务B地址。
Supervisor是Python开发的进程管理系统，监控并自动重启异常退出的进程。确保Gunicorn服务持续运行，替代手工管理进程。
环境初始化
创建专用部署账号提升安全性：
# 创建部署用户
adduser deployuser
passwd deployuser
usermod -aG wheel deployuser
su deployuser
sudo yum install -y wgetPython环境配置
mkdir ~/source
cd ~/source
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.12/Python-3.8.12.tgz
sudo yum install -y openssl-devel bzip2-devel expat-devel
tar -zxvf Python-3.8.12.tgz
cd Python-3.8.12
./configure --prefix=/opt/python3
make
sudo make install
ln -s /opt/python3/bin/python3.8 /usr/bin/py3
ln -s /opt/python3/bin/pip3 /usr/bin/pip3设置环境变量：
echo 'export PYTHON_HOME=/opt/python3' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'export PATH=$PYTHON_HOME/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc项目部署
使用SFTP工具上传项目至~/apps/webapp目录：
mkdir -p ~/apps/webapp创建虚拟环境：
cd ~/apps/webapp
pip3 install virtualenv
virtualenv venv
source venv/bin/activateGunicorn服务配置
pip install gunicorn
gunicorn webapp.wsgi -w 4 -k gthread -b 127.0.0.1:8000Nginx代理设置
sudo yum install epel-release -y
sudo yum install nginx -y
sudo systemctl start nginx创建配置文件/etc/nginx/conf.d/webapp.conf：
server {
charset utf-8;
listen 80;
server_name server_ip;
location /static {
alias /home/deployuser/apps/webapp/static;
}
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
}
}sudo systemctl restart nginxSupervisor进程守护
pip3 install supervisor
mkdir -p ~/supervisor/{logs,conf,run}生成配置文件：
echo_supervisord_conf > ~/supervisor/supervisord.conf修改supervisord.conf核心配置：
[unix_http_server]
file=/home/deployuser/supervisor/run/supervisor.sock
[supervisord]
logfile=/home/deployuser/supervisor/logs/supervisord.log
pidfile=/home/deployuser/supervisor/run/supervisord.pid
[supervisorctl]
serverurl=unix:///home/deployuser/supervisor/run/supervisor.sock
[include]
files = /home/deployuser/supervisor/conf/*.ini创建应用配置webapp.ini：
[program:django_app]
command=gunicorn webapp.wsgi -w 4 -k gthread -b 127.0.0.1:8000
directory=/home/deployuser/apps/webapp
autostart=true
user=deployuser
stdout_logfile=/home/deployuser/supervisor/logs/webapp.log启动服务：
supervisord -c ~/supervisor/supervisord.conf
supervisorctl -c ~/supervisor/supervisord.conf update
supervisorctl start django_app